DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'I' & 'J'

Indexing	fastest searching records
Information	Data that has been processed in such a way that it can increase the knowledge of the person who receives it.
Information Systems Architecture	The authoritative definition of the business rules, systems structure, technical framework, and product backbone for business information systems.
Instance	a set of values representing a specific entity belonging to a particular entity type.
Integrity	a set of values representing a specific property of a data base that ensures that the data contained in the data base in accurate and consistent as possible.
Intelligent Data Base	a data base that contains shared logic as well as shared data and automatically invokes that logic when the data base is accessed. Logic, constraints, and controls relating to the use of data are represented in an intelligent data model.
Interleaved Data	data from different tables mixed into a simple table space where is commonality of physical colocation based on a common key value.
Iterative Analysis	the mode of processing in which the next step of processing depends on the results obtained by the existing step in execution.

Join	an operation that takes two relations as operands and produces a new relation by concatenating the tuples and matching the corresponding columns when a stated condition holds between the two.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'G' & 'H'

Global Business Models	Provides access to information scattered throughout an enterprise under the control of different divisions or departments with different databases and data models. This type of data warehouse is difficult to build because it requires users from different divisions to come together to define a common data model for the warehouse.
Granularity	The level of detail of the data stored in a data warehouse.

Hetergeneous Environment	Within an enterprise, a network of different types of servers and databases.
Heuristic	the mode of analysis in which the next step is determined by the results of the current step of analysis.
Hierarchy	The organization of data into a logical tree structure.
Homogeneous Environment	Within an enterprise, a network consisting of the same type of servers and databases.
Horizontal Distribution	the splitting of a table across different sites by rows. With horizontal distribution rows of a single table residing at different sites in a distributed data base network.
Hub and Spoke Configuration	A configuration of interconnected systems where a single system (the hub) acts as the central point for exchanging data with and between the other systems (spokes).
Huffman Code	a code for data compaction in which frequently used characters are encoded with fewer bits than infrequently used characters.
HyperCube	See CUBE.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'F'

Fact Table	The tables which are extracted from heterogeneous sources and used in the Data Wareahouse
Factless Fact	A fact table without any metrics in it
Flat File	a collection of records containing no data aggregates, nested repeated data items, or groups of data items.
Functional Decomposition	the division of operations into hierarchical functions that form the basis for procedures.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'E'

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)	is a standard format for exchanging business data.
Encryption	the transformation of data from a recognizable format to a form unrecognizable without the algorithm used for the transformation.
ETL (Extract, Transform and Load)	ETL refers to the process of getting data out of one data store (extract), modifying it (transfer), and inserting it into a different data store (load).
ETT	ETL is sometimes referred as ETT- Extraction, Transformation and Transportation. It is a series of batch interface between the systems.
Executive/Enterprise Information Systems (EIS)	Tools programmed to provide canned reports or briefing books to top-level executives. They offer strong reporting and drill-down capabilities. Today these tools allow ad-hoc querying against a multi-dimensional database, and most offer analytical applications along functional lines such as sales or financial analysis. (Also known as Decision Support System.)
Extendibility	The ability to easily add new functionality to existing services without major software rewrites or without redefining the basic architecture.
External Schema	a logical description of a user's method of organizing and structuring data.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'D'

Data	Facts, concepts, or instructions that a computer records, stores and processes. Used in conjunction with INFORMATION SYSTEMS, “raw data” is organized in such a way that people can understand the results.
Data Cleansing	Removing errors and inconsistencies from data being inported to a data warehouse.
Data Dictionary	a software tool for recording the definition of data, the relationship of one category of data to another, the attributes and keys of groups of data, and so forth.
Data Driven Development	the approach to development that centers around identifying the commonality of data through a data model and building programs that have a broader scope thn the immediate application.
Data Driven Process	a process whose resource consumption depends on the data on which it operates.
Data Mart	A department-specific data warehouse. A) Independent – fed from legacy systems within the department B) Dependent – fed from the enterprise data warehouse (preferred)
Data Mining	The process of finding hidden patterns and relationships in data. For instance, a consumer goods company may track 200 variables about each consumer. There are scores of possible relationships among the 200 variables. Data mining tools will identify the significant relationships.
Data Scrubbing	Removing errors and inconsistencies from data being imported into a data warehouse.
Data Transformation	The modification or alteration of data as it is being moved into the data warehouse.
Data Type	A data type defines the type of data stored in a specific database column, such as date, numeric or character data. Significant differences in data types exist between different platforms’ databases.
Data Warehouse	A data warehouse is a subject oriented, integrated, non volatile, time variant collection of data. The data warehouse contains atomic level data and summarized data specifically structured for querying and reporting.
Data Warehousing	An enterprise-wide implementation that replicates data from the same publication table on different servers/platforms to a single subscription table. This implementation effectively consolidates data from multiple sources.
Database Schema	The logical and physical definition of a database structure.
Date/Time Stamp	A stamp added by an application that identifies a task or activity by the date and time it was initiated and/or completed. This can appear as part of a transaction log, message queue content in job logs.
Decentralized Database	A centralized database that has been partitioned according to a business or end-user defined subject area. Typically ownership is also moved to the owners of the subject area.
Decentralized Warehouse	A remote data source what users can query/ access via a central gateway that provides a logical view of corporate data in terms that users can understand. The gateway parses and distributes queries in real time to remote data sources and returns result sets back to users.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)	Software that supports exception reporting, stop light reporting, standard repository, data analysis and rule-based analysis. A database created for end-user ad-hoc query processing.
Denormalization	the technique of placing normalized data in a physical location that optimizes the performance of the system.
Derived Data	Data whose values are determined by equations or algorithms.
Dimension	A Dimension is typically a qualifiable and text value, such as a region, product line, and includes date values. It defines the secondary headings or labels that make up the body of the report. Each of the dimensions is repeated within each group. Usually, you use items containing text values (for example, Year or item type) for table dimensions. For example, if you select Item Type to be your table dimension, Item Type is a dimension within each group header. Under the dimension "Item Type," appears the name of each kind of item (for example, CD ROM, or HARD Drive). and corresponds to the . A fact is an quantifiable value, such amount of sales, budget or revenue.
Drill Down/Up	The ability to move between levels of the hierarchy when viewing data with multiple levels. A) Drill down – changing a view to a greateer level of detail B) Drill up – changing a view to a greater level of aggregation.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'C'

Canonical model	A data model that represents the inherent structure of data without regard to either individual use or hardware or software implementation.
Cardinality	no of unique rows divided by total no of columns
Cell	A single point in a CUBE.
Conceptual Schema	A consistent collection of data structures expressing the data needs of the organization. This schema is a comprehensive, base level, and logical description of the environment in which an organization exists, free of physical structure and application system considerations.
Condensation	The process of reducing the volume of data managed without reducing the logical consistency of the data.
Connector	A symbol used to indicate that one occurrence of data has a relationship with another occurrence of data. Connectors are used in conceptual data base design and can be implemented hierarchically, relationally, in an inverted fashion, or by a network.
Contention	Tthe condition that occurs when two or more programs try to access the same data at the same time.
Cooperative Processing	Tthe ability to distribute resources (programs, files and data bases) across the network.
Corporate Data	All the databases of the company.This includes legacy systems,old and new transaction systems,general business systems,client/server databases,data warehouses and data marts.
Corporate Information Warehouse (CIF)	The architectural framework that houses the ODS, data warehouse, data marts, i/t interface, and the operational environment. The cif is held together logically by metadata and physically by a network such as the Internet.
Cube – (also Hypercube, Multi-dimensional Cube)	The fundamental structure for information in an OLAP system. A structure that stores multi-dimensional information, having one CELL for each possible combination of dimensions.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'B'

Binary Search	A dichotomizing search with steps in which the sets of remaining items are partioned into two equal parts.
Bit Map	A specialized form of an index indicating the existence or non-existence of a condition for a group of blocks or records.
Bus	The hardware connection that allows data to flow from one component to another.
Business Intelligence Tools	Software that allows business users to see and use large amounts of complex data.

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DataWare Housing Glossary of Terms - 'A'

Agent	An application that searches data and sends an alert when a certain situation occurs. (See ALERT)
Aggregate data	Individual data items, data groups, arrays, tables etc. that can be assembled to form a whole.
Alerts and Alarms	Messages sent automatically by a computer system when an AGENT identifies a certain situation. For example, if stock of an item in a warehouse drops to a certain level, key personnel can be immediately informed.
Algorithm	A set of statements organized to solve a problem in a finite number of steps
Analytical Processing	The usage of the computer to produce an analysis for management decision, usually involving trend analysis, drill down analysis, demographic analysis, profiling, etc.
Architecture Phase	The establishment of the framework, scope and standards and procedures for a data warehouse at the enterprise level.
Atomic level data	Data with the lowest level of granularity. Atomic level data sits in a data warehouse and is time variant (i.e., accurate as of some moment in time now passed).
Attribute	A property or characteristic of an application entity. For example, the attributes of an EMPLOYEE entity in a business application may be: IDFirstname Lastname Job_Title Email_ID An attribute usually represents a column in a table in a relational database, or a field in a file.
Audit Trail	Recording of any changes made to specific data. Details can include date and time of change, how the change was detected, reason for the change and before-and-after data values.

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(C++) CPP Programs - 29

29. Write a C program to read N integers and store them in an array A, and so find the sum of all these elements using pointer. Output the given array and the computed sum with suitable heading.

/* Addition using pointers */

#include
#include

void main()
{
int a[45],*p;
int sum=0,i,n;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter no. of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the numbers one by one\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
p=a;
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
sum+=*p++;

printf("The sum of %d numbers=%d\n\a",n,sum);

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 28

28. Write a C program to read two integers M and N and to swap their values. Use a user defined functions for swapping. Output the values of M and N before and after swapping with suitable message.

/* Swapping*/

#include
#include

void main()
{
int m,n;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the values for m,n\n\a");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

swap(&m,&n);

printf("Function after swapping\n\a");
printf("\n m=%d n=%d\n",m,n);

getch();
}

swap(int *m,int *n)
{
int temp;
temp=*m;
*m=*n;
*n=temp;
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 27

27. Write a C program to read a matrix A (M*N) and to find the following using functions.
a) Sum of elements of each row.
b) Sum of elements of each column.
c) Find the sum of all the elements of the matrix. Output the computed results with suitable heading.

/* Sum of rows and coloumns*/

#include
#include

int a[5][5],m,n;

void main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the order of the matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

printf("\nEnter the elements\n\b");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("\nThe given matrix is\n\a");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
printf("%4d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
rowsum(a);
colsum(a);
allsum(a);

getch();
}

rowsum()
{
int rsum,i,j;
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
rsum=0;
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
rsum=rsum+a[i][j];
printf("\nSum of %d row = %d",i+1,rsum);
}
printf("\n");
}



colsum()
{
int csum,i,j;
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
{
csum=0;
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
csum=csum+a[i][j];
printf("\nSum of %d col = %d",j+1,csum);
}
printf("\n");
}
allsum()
{
int i,j,asum=0;
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
asum=asum+a[i][j];
printf("\nThe sum of entire matrix = %d",asum);

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 26

26. Develop functions
a) To read a given matrix
b) To output a matrix
c) To compute the product of two matrices.
Use the above-developed functions to read in two matrices A(M*N) and (P*Q), to compute the product of the input matrices, to output the given matrices and the computed product matrix in a function.

/* Product of a matrix*/

#include
#include

int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5],m,n,p,q;

void main()
{
clrscr();

read_mat();

printf("\nMatrix a is\n");
output(a,m,n);

printf("\nMatrix b is\n");
output(b,p,q);

mat_mul();

printf("\nMatrix c is\n");
output(c,m,q);

getch();
}

read_mat()
{
int i,j;
printf("\nEnter order of a\n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

printf("\nEnter the matrix b\n");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);

if(p!=n)
{
printf("\nNot multiplicable\n");
getch();
exit(0);
}

printf("\nMultiplicable\n");
printf("\nEnter the matrix a\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("\nEnter matrix b\n");
for(i=0;i < p;i++)
for(j=0;j < q;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}

output(int x[5][5],int ro,int col)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i < ro;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < col;j++)
printf("%4d",x[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}

mat_mul()
{
int i,j,k;
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < q;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k < p;k++)
c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][i];
}
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 25

25. Write a C program to read ‘N’ elements by selection sort method using functions
a) To find the position of a minimum elements in an array
b) To swap the contents of two positions.

/* Selection sort*/

#include
#include
#include

void main()
{
int i,n,a[45],pos;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter how many elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter the numbers one by one\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\nThe given array is\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
printf("%4d",a[i]);

for(i=0;i < n-1;i++)
{
pos=min_ele(a,n,i);
exchange(a,i,pos);
}

printf("\nArray after sorting\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
printf("%4d",a[i]);
getch();
}

min_ele(int a[ ],int n,int i)
{
int pos,j;
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j < n;j++)
if(a[pos]>a[j])
pos=j;
return(pos);
}

exchange(int a[ ],int i,int pos)
{
int temp;
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[pos];
a[pos]=temp;
return;
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 24

24. Write a C program to read N names, store them in the form of an array and sort them in alphabetical order. Output the given names and the sorted names with suitable headings.

/* Alphabetical order*/

#include
#include
#include

void main()
{
char names[45][43],temp[78],names1[45][56];
int i,n,j;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter how many names\n");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter the names one dy one\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
scanf("%s",names[i]);

for(i=0;i < n-1;i++)
for(j=0;j < n-1-i;j++)
{
if (strcmp(names[j],names[j+1])>0)
{
strcpy(temp,names[j]);
strcpy(names[j],names[j+1]);
strcpy(names[j+1],temp);
}
}
printf("\nSorted names\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
printf("%s\n",names[i]);

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 23

23. Write a C program to read a sentence and count the number of vowels and consonants in the given sentence. Output the results on two lines with suitable headings.

/* vowels and consonants*/

#include
#include
#include
#include

void main()
{
char str[50];
int i,n,vow=0,con=0;

clrscr();
printf("\nEnter an string\n");
gets(str);

printf("\nThe given string is\n");
puts(str);

n=strlen(str);

for(i=0;i < n;i++)
{
if(isalpha(str[i]))
switch(tolower(str[i]))
{
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'o':
case 'u': vow++;
break;

default: con++;
}
}
printf("\nThe number of vowels=%d\n",vow);
printf("\nThe number of consonants=%d\n",con);

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 22

22. Write a C program to read a sentence and replace lower case characters by uppercase and vice-versa. Output the given sentence as well as the case converted sentence on two different lines.



/*Upper case to Lower case and vice-versa*/



#include

#include

#include



void main()

{

char str[45];

int i,n,j;



clrscr();



printf("\nEnter a string\n");

gets(str);



printf("\nThe given string is\n");

puts(str);



n=strlen(str);



for(i=0;i < n;i++)

{

if(isupper(str[i]))

str[i]=tolower(str[i]);

else if(islower(str[i]))

str[i]=toupper(str[i]);

}

printf("\nThe new string is\n");

puts(str);



getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 21

21. Write a C program to read two strings and concatenate them (without using library functions). Output the string along with suitable messages.

/* Concatenation of 2 strings*/

#include
#include

void main()
{
char str1[67],str2[98],str[56];
int i,j;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter string1\n");
gets(str1);

printf("\nEnter string2\n");
gets(str2);

printf("\nThe string1 is\n");
puts(str1);

printf("\nThe string2 is\n");
puts(str2);

i=0;j=0;

while(str1[i]!='\0')
{
str[j]=str1[i];
i++;
j++;
}

str[j]=2;
j++;
i=0;

while(str2[i]!='\0')
{
str[j]=str2[i];
i++;
j++;
}
str[j]='\0';

printf("\nThe new string after concatenation is\n");
puts(str);

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 20

20. Write a C program to read a string and check whether it is palindrome or not (without using library functions). Output the given string along with suitable messages.

/*Palindrome*/

#include
#include

void main()
{
char word[56];
int n=0,i,j,palin;

clrscr();

printf("Enter a word\n\a");
gets(word);

while(word[n]!='\0')
n++;

i=0;
j=n-1;
palin=1;

while(i < j)
{
if(word[i]!=word[j])
{
palin=0;
break;
}
i++;
j--;
}
if(palin==1)
printf("%s is a palindrome\n\a",palin);
else
printf("%s is not a palindrome\n\a");

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 19

19. Write a C program to read a matrix A(M*N), find the transpose of the given matrix and output both the matrix and the transposed matrix.

/* Transpose of a matrix*/

#include
#include

void main()
{
int a[5][5],m,n,i,j,opt;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the order of matrix\n\a");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

printf("Enter the elements of a\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("The matrix a is\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
printf("%4d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

printf("\nThe transpose is\n");
for(i=0;i < n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < m;j++)
printf("%4d",a[j][i]);
printf("\n");
}

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 18

18. Write a C program to read matrixes A (M*N) and B (M*N) and perform addition OR subtraction of A and B. Find the trace of the resultant matrix. Output the given matrices, their sum OR difference and the trace.

/*Addition, Subtraction of matrix*/

#include
#include

void main()
{
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5],m,n,trace=0,i,j,opt;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the order of matrix\n\a");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

printf("Enter the elements of a\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("Enter the elements for matrix b\n\a");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);

printf("\n1.Addition\n2.Subtraction\nEnter any one option\n");
scanf("%d",&opt);

printf("The matrix a is\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
printf("%4d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

printf("The matrix b is\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
printf("%4d",b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

if(opt==1)
{
printf("The resultant matrix c is\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}

else
{
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
c[i][j]=a[i][j]-b[i][j];
}
}
printf("The obtained matrix c is\n\a");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j < n;j++)
printf("%4d",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
if(m==n)
{
printf("The trace exist\n");
for(i=0;i < m;i++)
trace+=c[i][i];
printf("The trace =%d\n",trace);
}

getch();
}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 17

17. Write a C program to evaluate the given polynomial,

p(x) = a_nxⁿ + a_n-1x^n-1 + a_n-2x^n-2………….+ a₁x + a₀, by reading its co-efficient into an array.

[HINT: rewrite the polynomial as

p(x) = a₀+x(a₁+x(a₁+x(a₂+x(a₃+x(a₄+…………..x(a_n-1+xa_n)))))

and evaluate the function starting from inner loop.]

/*Polynomial*/

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

float a[34],psum=0,term,x;

int i,n;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the value for x\n");

scanf("%f",&x);

printf("Enter the n value\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the %d co-efficients\n",n+1);

for(i=0;i < = n;i++)

scanf("%f",&a[i]);

for(i=n;i >= 0;i--)

{

term=a[i]*pow(x,i);

psum+=term;

}

printf("The sum of polynomial of given terms=%f\n",psum);

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 16

16. Write a C program to input n real numbers and to find Mean, Variance and Standard deviation,

where Mean=( x[i] ) / n, Variance = ∑ ( x[i] – Mean ) 2 /n, Standard deviation = √(Variance) for 1<=i<=n. Output the computed results on different lines.

/*Program to find mean,std_dev,variance*/

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

float x[45],nr=0.0,std_dev,var,mean,sum=0.0;

int n,i;

clrscr();

printf("Enter how many elements?\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the numbers one by one\n\a");

for(i=0;i <>

scanf("%f",&x[i]);

for(i=0;i <>

sum+=x[i];

mean=sum/n;

for(i=0;i <>

nr+=pow((x[i]-mean),2);

var=nr/n;

std_dev=sqrt(var);

printf("Mean of all elements=%f\n",mean);

printf("Standard deviation of elements=%f\n",std_dev);

printf("Variance=%f\n",var);

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 15

15. Write a C program to accept N numbers sorted in ascending order and to search for a given number using Binary search. Report success or failure in the form of suitable messages.

/* Binary Search*/

#include

#include

void main()

{

int a[34],first,last,mid,n,key,i,pos=0;

clrscr();

printf("Enter no of digits:\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the elements one by one\n");

for(i=0;i <>

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("The key element to be searched\n");

scanf("%d",&key);

printf("\nArray after sorting\n");

for(i=0;i <>

printf("%4d",a[i]);

first=0;

last=n-1;

while(first < = last)

{

mid=(first+last)/2;

if(a[mid] <>

last=mid-1;

else if(a[mid] > key)

first=mid+1;

else

{

pos=mid;

break;

}

}

if(a[mid]==key)

printf("\n Element found at location %d\n\a",pos);

else

printf("\nElement not found\n\a");

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 14

14. Write a C program to sort n numbers in ascending order using Bubble sort and print both the given array and the sorted array with suitable headings.

/* Bubble sort*/

#include

#include

void main()

{

int n,i,j,a[30],temp;

clrscr();

printf("Enter how many digits?\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the numbers one by one\n\a");

for(i=0;i <>

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\nThe array before sorting\n\a");

for(i=0;i <>

printf("%4d",a[i]);

/*bub now*/

for(i=0;i <>

{

for(j=0;j <>

if(a[j] > a[j+1])

{

temp=a[j];

a[j]=a[j+1];

a[j+1]=temp;

}

}

printf("\nThe array after sorting\n\a");

for(i=0;i <>

printf("%4d",a[i]);

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 13

13. Write a C program to input n numbers (integer or real) and store them in an array. Conduct a linear search for a given key number and report success or failure in the form of suitable message.

/* Linear Search*/

#include

#include

void main()

{

int a[32],pos=0,scount=0,key=0,n,i;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the no. of digits\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the elements one by one\n");

for(i=0;i <>

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("Enter the key element to be searched\n\a");

scanf("%d",&key);

for(i=0;i <>

{

if(a[i]==key)

{

scount=1;

pos=i;

}

}

if(scount==1)

printf("Element found at %d and the element is %d\n\a",pos,key);

else

printf("Element not found\n\a");

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 12

12. Write a C program to read N integers (0, +ve and –ve) into an array A and to find

a) Sum of negative numbers.

b) Sum of positive numbers.

c) Average of all numbers.

Output the various results computed with proper headings.

/* Addition and Subtraction of array elements*/

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

int a[44],psum=0,nsum=0,n,i;

float avg;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the no. of elements\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter the elements one by one\n\a");

for(i=0;i

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

for(i=0;i

{

if(a[i]>0)

psum+=a[i];

else if(a[i]<0)

nsum+=a[i];

}

avg=(fabs)(psum+nsum)/n;

printf("Sum of positive numbers=%d\n\a",psum);

printf("Sum of negative numbers=%d\n\a",nsum);

printf("Average of all numbers=%f\n\a",avg);

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 11

11. Write a C program to generate and print prime numbers in a given range. Also print the number of prime numbers.

/*Print prime numbers in a given range*/

#include

#include

void main()

{

int i,j,m,n,found,count=0;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the lower range and upper range\n\a");

scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

printf("List of the numbers in the given range\n\a");

for(i=m;i<=n;i++)

{

found=1;

for(j=2;j<=i/2;j++)

{

if(i%j==0)

{

found=0;

break;

}

}

if(found==1)

{

printf("%d\n",i);

count++;

}

}

printf("Total prime numbers between %d and %d=%d\n\a",m,n,count);

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 10

10. Write a C program to find whether the given number is prime or not and output the given number with suitable message.

/* Prime or Not*/

#include

#include

void main()

{

int i,k,num;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the value to check whether it is prime or not\n");

scanf("%d",&num);

k=0;

for(i=2;i<=num/2;i++)

{

if(num%i==0)

{

k=1;

break;

}

}

if(k==0)

printf("%d is a prime number\n\a",num);

else

printf("%d is not a prime number\n\a",num);

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 9

9. Write a C program to find the value of Cos(x) using the series

Cos(x) = 1 - x²/2! + x⁴/4! + x⁶/6!.......... upto N terms accuracy( without using user defined function. Also print Cos(x) using library function)

/*Cosine Series*/

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

float xd,xr,acc,term,sum=0;

int i,n,option;

clrscr();

printf("1.Number of terms\n2.Accuracy\nEnter the option\n");

scanf("%d",&option);

if(option==1)

{

printf("Enter number of terms\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter angle in degrees\n\a");

scanf("%f",&xd);

xr=(xd*3.142)/180.0;

term=1;

sum=1;

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

sum=-(term*xr*xr)/((2*i)*(2*i-1));

sum+=term;

}

printf("sum of cosine series:cos(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,sum);

printf("Using lib function:cos(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,cos(xr));

}

else if(option==2)

{

printf("Enter the angles in degrees\n\a");

scanf("%f",&xd);

printf("Enter the acc.level[0.01-0.000001]\n\a");

scanf("%f",&acc);

xr=(xd*3.142)/180.0;

sum=1;

term=1;

i=1;

do

{

term=-(term*xr*xr)/((2*i)*(2*i-1));

sum+=term;

i++;

}while(fabs(term)>acc);

printf("cosine series:cos(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,sum);

printf("Lib function:cos(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,cos(xr));

}

getch();

}

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(C++) CPP Programs - 8

8. Write a C program to find the value of Sin(x) using the series

Sin(x) = x - x³/3! + x⁵/5! + x⁷/7!.......... upto N terms accuracy( without using user defined function. Also print Sin(x) using library function)

/* Sine series*/

#include

#include

#include

void main()

{

float xd,xr,acc,term,sum=0;

int i,n,option;

clrscr();

printf("1.number of terms\n2.accuracy\nEnter the option\n");

scanf("%d",&option);

if(option==1)

{

printf("Enter number of terms\n\a");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter angle in degrees\n\a");

scanf("%f",&xd);

xr=(xd*3.142)/180.0;

term=xr;

sum=xr;

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

sum=-(term*xr*xr)/((2*i)*(2*i+1));

sum+=term;

}

printf("sum of sine series:sin(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,sum);

printf("Using lib function:sin(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,sin(xr));

}

else if(option==2)

{

printf("Enter the angles in degrees\n\a");

scanf("%f",&xd);

printf("Enter the acc.level[0.01-0.000001]\n\a");

scanf("%f",&acc);

xr=(xd*3.142)/180.0;

sum=xr;

term=xr;

i=1;

do

{

term=-(term*xr*xr)/((2*i)*(2*i+1));

sum+=term;

i++;

}while(fabs(term)>acc);

printf("sine series:sin(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,sum);

printf("Lib function:sin(%f)=%f\n\a",xd,sin(xr));

}

getch();

}

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