tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86367788640147340342024-02-08T08:47:53.850-08:00IT/Technical Interview QuestionsMindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.comBlogger189125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-44437679779947039292011-10-02T10:13:00.001-07:002011-10-02T10:13:36.390-07:00Software Engineering Terms - M<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">AINTENANCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The process of supporting production software to detect and correct faults, optimize<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">performance, and ensure appropriate availability to end-users.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ASTER TABLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A table containing data on which detail data in another table depends. Master tables<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">have a primary key that's matched to a foreign key in a detail table and often have a oneto-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">many relationship with detail tables.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EGABYTE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(MB)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Approximately one million bytes. A unit of computer storage capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EGAHERTZ </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(MH</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Z</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A measure of the clock speed of the CPU in a computer. One megahertz equals one<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">million cycles per second.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ETADATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data that describes the structure, organization, and/or location of data. In essence,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metadata is "data about data."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ETHODOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A set of processes, procedures, and standards that defines an engineering approach to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the development of a work product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ETRICS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Numeric data representing measurements of business processes or database activity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ILESTONE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In project management, a scheduled event of significance for which an individual or team<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">is accountable. Often used to measure progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ODEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An abstract representation that illustrates the components or relationships of a specified<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">application or module.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ODULE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A functional part of an application that is discrete and identifiable with a specific subject.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ODULE TESTING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The process of testing individual software modules or sets of related modules to verify<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the implementation of the software.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ULTIUSER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Concurrent access to a single database by more than one user, usually through the use<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">of client workstations.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-67033629774346707132011-10-02T10:12:00.001-07:002011-10-02T10:12:44.610-07:00Software Engineering Terms - L<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">IFECYCLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A set of software development activities, or stages that function together to guide the<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">development and maintenance of software products. Each stage is finite in scope,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">requires a specific set of inputs, and produces a specific set of deliverables.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-42706230017231664352011-10-02T10:11:00.001-07:002011-10-02T10:11:53.197-07:00Software Engineering Terms - K<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EY FIELD<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A field used to identify a record or group of records by its value. See also <i>primary key<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">and <i>foreign key</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EY PROCESS AREA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A software engineering process identified by the Software Engineering Institute Capability<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maturity Model that is an essential to an organization's ability to develop consistently<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">high-quality software products.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ILOBYTE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(KB)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One thousand bytes (actually 1024 storage positions). Used as a measure of storage<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The process of systematically managing and leveraging the stores of knowledge in an<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">organization. This knowledge is generally stored as sets of documents or database<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">records.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-83972660285758706632011-10-02T10:10:00.003-07:002011-10-02T10:10:53.051-07:00Software Engineering Terms - J<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">J</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">OIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A database operation or command that links the rows or records of two or more tables by<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">one or more columns in each table.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">J</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">OINT APPLICATION DESIGN </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(JAD)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A design technique that brings users and IT professionals into a facilitated meeting for<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">the purpose of interactively designing an application.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-6387877503292341032011-10-02T10:09:00.000-07:002011-10-02T10:09:34.465-07:00Software Engineering Terms - I<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MPLEMENTATION ELEMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A specific software component created to fulfill a specific function defined in the<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">functional and system design documents.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MPLEMENTATION STAGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A stage in the software development lifecycle during which a software product is created<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from the design specifications and testing is performed on the individual software units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">produced. Also referred to as the programming stage.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A software development technique where multiple small software development lifecycles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">are used to develop the overall software product in a modular fashion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NDEX<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A specialized data structure used to facilitate rapid access to individual database records<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">or groups of records.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to humans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NFORMATION SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">information to support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and/or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">visualization in an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NHERITANCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A feature of object-oriented programming where a specific class of objects receives the<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">features of a more general class.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NITIAL DATA LOAD<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When a new database application is first brought online, certain sets of data are<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">preloaded to support operations. In some cases, a large amount of data is transferred<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from one or more legacy systems that the new database application is replacing. The<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">initial data load figure is calculated as the sum of all records in operational and support<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">data areas on day zero of the applications production lifecycle. This figure is used as a<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">baseline for estimating development effort, server hardware requirements and network<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">loads.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NNER QUERY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Synonym for <i>sub query</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NSERTION POINT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The position of the cursor within a block of text.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NSPECTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Also termed <i>desk checking</i>. A quality assurance technique that relies on visual<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">examination of developed products (usually source code or design documentation) to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">detect errors, violation of development standards, and other problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NSTALLATION STAGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A software lifecycle stage that consists of the testing, training, and conversion efforts<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">necessary to place the developed software application into production.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NTEGRITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The degree to which a software component or application prevents unauthorized access<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to, or modification of, programs or data.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NTEGER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A whole number, usually limited to a range of -32,000 to +32,000.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NTERFACE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A formal connection point defined between two independent applications for the purpose<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">of data exchange.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NTERFACE TESTING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A testing technique that evaluates whether software components pass data and control<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">correctly to one another.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NTERSECTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A group of data elements included in two or more tables as part of a Join operation. </span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-63180418147380468362011-10-02T10:07:00.001-07:002011-10-02T10:07:31.606-07:00Software Engineering Terms - H<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ARDWARE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Physical computer equipment and peripherals used to process, store, or transmit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">software applications or data.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">IERARCHICAL MENU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A menu with multiple levels, consisting of a main Menubar that leads to one or more<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">levels of sub menus from which choices or actions are made.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">YPER</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EXT </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ARKUP </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ANGUAGE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(HTML)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A programming tool that uses HyperText to establish dynamic links to other documents<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">stored in the same or remote computers.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-40854986689439264312011-10-02T10:06:00.000-07:002011-10-02T10:06:57.782-07:00Software Engineering Terms - G<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ROUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">During report generation, one or more records that are collected into a single category, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">usually for the purpose of totaling. Also used to identify a collection of database users </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">with common access privileges. </span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-4408718315420800732011-06-18T23:31:00.001-07:002011-06-18T23:31:18.784-07:00Software Engineering Terms - F<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">EASIBILITY STUDY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A process that determines whether the solution under analysis is achievable, given the<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">organization's resources and constraints.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">IELD<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Synonym for a data element that contains a specific attribute's value; a single item of<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">information in a record or row.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OCUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The application object to which the user-generated input (usually keyboard and mouse) is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">directed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OREIGN KEY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A field or set of fields in a table whose value must match a primary key in another table<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">when joined with it. Also see <i>primary key </i>and <i>join</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ORM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A screen formatted to facilitate data entry and review. Utilizes data entry fields, option<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">selection tools, and control objects such as buttons and menu items.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">UNCTIONAL AREA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Any formally organized group focused on the development, execution, and maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">of business processes in support of a defined business function.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">UNCTIONAL DESIGN STAGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">That stage of the software development lifecycle that focuses on the development and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">validation of designs for architecture, software components, data and interfaces. Often<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">combined with the system design stage into a single stage for smaller applications.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">UNCTIONAL ELEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A definition that specifies the actions that a software component, product, or system must<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">be able to perform.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">UNCTIONAL TESTING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Also known as end-user testing. Testing that focuses on the outputs generated in<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">response to selected inputs and execution conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">F</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">UNCTION POINT ANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A software measurement process that focuses on the number of inputs, outputs, queries,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">tables, and external interfaces used in an application. Used for software estimation and<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">assessment of developer productivity.</span></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-34570874389480436112011-06-18T23:29:00.000-07:002011-06-18T23:29:24.488-07:00Software Engineering Terms - E<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">NCRYPTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The coding and scrambling of messages to prevent unauthorized access to or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">understanding of the data being stored or transmitted.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ND</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">USER REVIEW<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The review of a deliverable for functional accuracy by a Subject Matter Expert who is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">familiar with the software product under design or development. See <i>Review</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">NTITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A collection of attributes related to and describing a specific subject, such as Products.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">NTITY</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A diagram illustrating the relationship between various entities in a database.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">XECUTABLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A binary data file that can be run by the operating system to perform a specific set of<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">functions. In Windows, executables carry the extension .EXE and can be launched by<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">double-clicking on them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">XTERNAL INTERFACE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">In database applications, an external interface is a defined process and data structure<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">used to exchange data with other systems. For example, an order processing application<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">may have an interface to exchange data with an external accounting system.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">XTERNAL INTERFACE COMPLEXITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The level of complexity associated with an external interface. A simple interface is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">generally unidirectional, with limited, stable logic defining the structure of the exchanged<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">data. A standard export from a database to a spreadsheet is considered a simple<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">interface. A complex interface may be bi-directional, or may have extensive, adaptive<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">logic defining the structure of the exchanged data. The transmission of labor data to a<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">corporate payroll system, with its attendant validation and transaction confirmation<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">requirements, is considered a complex interface.</span></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-24007912713100640032011-06-18T23:27:00.001-07:002011-06-18T23:27:16.949-07:00Software Engineering Terms - D<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Streams of raw facts representing events before they have been organized and arranged<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">into a form that people can understand and use. See <i>information</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATA DICTIONARY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A structured description of database objects such as tables, indexes, views and fields,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">with further descriptions of field types, default values and other characteristics.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATA ELEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">See <i>field</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATA ENTITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A data representation of a real world object or concept. Usually represented as a row in<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">a database table, such as information about a specific Product in inventory.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATA FLOW DIAGRAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A primary tool in structured analysis that graphically illustrates a system's component<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">processes and the flow of data between them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATA TYPE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A description of how the computer is to interpret the data stored in a particular field. Data<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">types can include text or character string data, integer or floating point numeric data,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">dates, date/time stamps, true/false values, or Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) which can<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">be used to store images, video, or documents.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATABASE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A set of related data tables and other database objects, such as a data dictionary, that<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">are organized as a group. A collection of data organized to service many applications at<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">the same time.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATABASE OBJECT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A component of a database, such as a table or view.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATABASE ADMINISTRATOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Person(s) responsible for the administrative functions of databases, such as system<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">security, user access, performance and capacity management, and backup and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">restoration functions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(DBMS)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Software used to create and maintain a database and enable individual business<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">applications to extract the data they need without having to create separate files or data<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">definitions for their own use.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">EFAULT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">An initial value assigned to a field by the application when a new database record is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">created. Used to facilitate data entry by pre-entering common values for the user.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ELIVERABLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A specific work product, such as requirements or design documentation, produced during<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">a task or activity to validate successful completion of the task or activity. Sometimes,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">actual software is delivered.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ESIGN ELEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A specification for a software object or component that fulfills, or assists in the fulfillment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">of a functional element. A part of the system design specification.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ESIGN STAGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A stage in the software development lifecycle that produces the functional and system<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">design specifications for the application under development.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">EVELOPER SKILLS</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">/</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">RESOURCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The availability of developers and other resources with appropriate skills is a significant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">factor in project success. When developers and resources are readily available, the<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">likelihood of project success is very high. Most development firms manage multiple<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">projects, allowing some contention between projects for developers and other resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">This project risk factor is considered high when one or more developers with specific skill<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">sets, or resources with specific capabilities, need to be acquired before the project can<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">continue.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OCUMENTATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Information made available to: 1) assist end-users in the operation of a software<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">application, generally in the form of on-line help, or 2) assist developers in locating the<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">correct root procedure or method for a specific software function, generally in the form of<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">an implementation map. Note that printed manuals are rarely delivered with software<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">anymore; on-line documentation is more consistently available from within the application<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">and is easier to use.</span></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-45676231658063852552011-01-29T05:29:00.001-08:002011-01-29T05:29:52.656-08:00Software Engineering Terms - C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">LIENT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1. The user point-of-entry for an application. Normally a software executable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">residing on a desktop computer, workstation, or laptop computer. The user<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">generally interacts directly only with the client, using it to input, retrieve, analyze<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">and report on data.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2. A device or application that receives data from or manipulates a server device or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">application.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ODE REVIEW</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A meeting at which source code is presented for review, comment, or approval.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OMPONENT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">One of the parts that make up a system. A component may be hardware, software, or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">firmware and may be subdivided into other components.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OMPUTER SOFTWARE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Detailed, pre-programmed instructions that control and coordinate the work of computer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">hardware and firmware components in an information system. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OMPUTER</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-A</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">IDED </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">S</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">OFTWARE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">E</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">NGINEERING </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(CASE)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The automation of step-by -step methodologies for software and systems development to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">reduce the amount of repetitive work required of the analyst or developer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A process that effectively controls the coordination and implementation of changes to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">software components.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ONSTRAINT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A restriction, limitation, or regulation that limits a given course of action.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ONTEXT DIAGRAM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Overview data flow diagram depicting an entire system as a single process with its major<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">inputs and outputs.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ONVERSION</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The process of changing from the old system to the new system.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">RITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(CSF</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">S</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A set of specific operational conditions shaped by the business environment that are<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">believed to significantly impact the success potential of an organization or business<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">function. In a software development effort, critical success factors are composed of<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">assumptions and dependencies that are generally outside the control of the development<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">team.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">USTOMER RESOURCES</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The number of subject matter experts for each Use Case (UC) in an application under<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">development. This project risk factor is considered low when more than one SME is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">available perUC. A high risk ensues when outside SMEs are involved with a software<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">development effort.</span></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-78274089131325733462011-01-25T09:44:00.001-08:002011-01-25T09:44:15.286-08:00Software Engineering Terms - B<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ANDWIDTH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The capacity of a communications channel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ASELINE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A set of software components and documents to that has been formerly reviewed and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">accepted, that serves as the basis for further development or current production, which<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">can be changed only through formal change control procedures. See <i>Release version</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">ATCH PROCESSING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are accumulated and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">stored until a specified time when it is convenient or necessary to process them as a<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">group.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">USINESS PROCESSES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The unique ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">information, and knowledge to produce a product or service. For example, in a sales<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">environment, the information used and steps taken to record a new customer order is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">considered a business process.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">USINESS PROCESS COMPLEXITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A project risk factor that takes into consideration the complexity of the business process<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">or processes under automation. Project risk is considered low when all processes involve<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">fairly simple data entry and update operations. Project risk is considered medium when a<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">minority of the business processes under automation are complex, involving multiple<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">steps, exchanges with external systems or significant validation/processing logic. Project<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">risk is considered high when a majority of the business processes under automation are<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">considered to be complex.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">USINESS PROCESS MATURITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A project risk factor that takes into consideration the maturity and stability of the business<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">process or processes to be automated. Project risk is considered low when standard<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">business processes that have been stable and in place for a significant period of time are<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">being automated. Project risk is considered medium when one or more nonstandard but<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">stable business processes, generally unique to the customers situation, are being<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">automated. Project risk rises significantly when the development team is attempting to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">automate one or more new or unusual business processes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">USINESS RULE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A logical or mathematical test that determines whether data entered in a database<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">complies with an organization's method of conducting its operations.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-84521204941264208312011-01-22T05:22:00.001-08:002011-01-22T05:22:19.145-08:00Software Quality Assurance Interview Questions | SQA Questions | SQA Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style>
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</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is software?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is representation?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is continuous representation and stage representation?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what are the major difference b/w stage and continuous?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">can any industry apply CMMI?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is CMM and CMMI and differences?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is Specific goal specific practices and Generic goal and generic practices?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what are the flow or How to work or how to apply SP GP SG GG? Which will comes under sp gg gp sp, I mean which will come first under levels?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">how to achieve these SP GP SG GG? What the process to achieve these SP GP SG GG?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="10" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> types of testing?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="11" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> which control chart will be apply in s/w? and why?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="12" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is the process area?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="13" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is spice and tickit?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="14" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is JAD?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="15" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is s/w metrics and what is need?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="16" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> how to gather the data?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="17" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is scrum methodology?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="18" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is s/w engineering document?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="19" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is task force?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="20" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is use of SPSS , clear case?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="21" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what are tools which we are using in s/w?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="22" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">listing of metrics?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="23" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is schedule variances effort variances?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="24" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> defect rate. Deliver defect rate, requirement stability index?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="25" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> review effectiveness, QA effectiveness, project utilization?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="26" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">what is vss, cvs?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="27" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is configuration management?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="28" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is change management?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="29" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> risk management?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="30" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">quantitative product management?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="31" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DAR?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="32" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> process capability in s/w?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="33" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is baseline?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="34" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> work product?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="35" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what is the s/w development life cycle?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="36" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> what are the inputs and outputs of SDLC for each phases?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="37" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> types of models like spiral, agile etc..?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><br />
</div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-79475818021177518182010-05-20T02:24:00.001-07:002010-11-22T04:42:49.285-08:00Basic Unix Editing Commands<div class="Section1"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Basic Editing</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">Editing commands require that you be in command mode. Many of the editing commands have a different function depending on whether they are typed in upper or lower case. Often, editing commands can be preceded by a number to indicate a repetition of the command. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #339966; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> Unless specified otherwise, the instructions in this section assume that you are in the command mode. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Deleting characters.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To delete a character from a file, move the cursor until it is on the incorrect letter, then type <b>x</b>. The character under the cursor disappears. To remove four characters (the one under the cursor and the next three) type <b>4x</b>. To delete the character before the cursor, type <b>X</b> (upper case). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Deleting words.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To delete a word, move the cursor to the first letter of the word and type <b>dw</b>. The command deletes the word and the space following it. To delete three words, type <b>3dw</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Deleting lines.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To delete a whole line, type <b>dd</b>. The cursor does not have to be at the beginning of the line. <b>dd</b> deletes the entire line containing the cursor and places the cursor at the start of the next line. <b>2dd</b> deletes two lines. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">To delete from the cursor position to the end of the line, type <b>D</b> (upper case). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;">Replacing characters.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To replace one character with another, move the cursor to the character to be replaced. Type <b>r</b>, then the replacement character. The new character will appear, and you will still be in command mode. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Replacing words.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To replace one word with another, move to the start of the incorrect word and type <b>cw</b>. The last letter of the word to be replaced will turn into a <b>$</b>. You are now in change mode and may type the replacement. The new text does not need to be the same length as the original. Press ESC to get back to command mode. <b>3cw</b> allows you to replace three words. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Replacing lines.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To change text from the cursor position to the end of the line, type <b>C</b> (upper case). Type the replacement text and press ESC. Press ESC again to get back to command mode. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Inserting text.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To insert text in a line, position the cursor where the new text should go and type <b>i</b>. Enter the new text. The text is inserted before the cursor. Press ESC to get back to command mode. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Appending text.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To add text to the end of a line, position the cursor on the last letter of the line and type <b>a</b>. Enter the new text. This adds text after the cursor. Press ESC to get back to command mode. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Opening a blank line.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> Type <b>o</b> (lower case) to insert, or open, a blank line below the current line. Type <b>O</b> (upper case) to insert a blank line above the current line. Press ESC to get back to command mode. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Joining lines.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> The command <b>J</b> (upper case) lets you join two lines together. Put the cursor on the first line to be joined and type <b>J</b>. <b>3J</b> lets you join 3 lines together. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b><b><span style="color: #003366;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Undoing.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> Undo your most recent edit by typing <b>u</b> (lower case). <b>U</b> (upper case) undoes all the edits on a single line, as long as the cursor stays on that line. Once you move off a line, you can't use <b>U</b> to restore it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="" name="moving"></a><b><span style="color: #003366;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b><b><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Moving Around In a File<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">These shortcuts, which work in command mode, allow you to move more quickly through a file. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 80%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Key(s)</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Movement</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">w<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">forward word by word<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">backward word by word<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">$<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to end of line<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">0 (zero)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to beginning of line<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to top line of screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">M<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to middle line of screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">L<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to last line of screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">G<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to last line of file<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">1G<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">to first line of file<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">ctrl-f<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">jump forward one screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">ctrl-b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">jump backward one screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">ctrl-d<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">scroll down one-half screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 15%;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">ctrl-u<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 85%;" valign="top" width="85%"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #003366;">scroll up one-half screen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #003366;">Moving by searching.</span></b><span style="color: #003366;"> To move quickly in a file, search for text. In command mode, type a <b>/</b> (slash) followed by the text to search for. Press Return. The cursor moves to the first occurrence of that text. Repeat the search in a forward direction by typing <b>n</b> (lower case), or in a backward direction by typing <b>N</b> (upper case). <o:p></o:p></span></div><h2><a href="" name="general"></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">General</span><o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b>apropos <i>command</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Locate commands by keyword lookup. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>exit</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Terminate your current session, or shell. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>man <i>command</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display the Unix manual page describing a given Unix command. <o:p></o:p></div><h2><a href="" name="filesys"></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">File System Navigation</span><o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cd</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Return to your home directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cd <i>directory</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Change directory to make <i>directory</i> your current directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>file <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Determine file type. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ls</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">List the contents of the current directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ls <i>names</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">List the contents of the directories; <i>names</i> can name files and/or directories: <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ls -l</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">. . . in a <u>l</u>ong format, showing permissions, owner, size, and other file info. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ls -a</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">. . . <u>a</u>ll files, including "hidden" files (file names that begin with a dot "."). <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ls -R</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">. . . <u>R</u>ecursively, for all subdirectories. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ls -t</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">. . . in <u>t</u>ime order (when modified, newest to oldest) rather than in name order. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>pwd</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display the name of the current directory, or "print working directory." <o:p></o:p></div><h2><a href="" name="filedir"></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">File/Directory Manipulation</span><o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b>compress <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Reduces the size of a file. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>uncompress <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Restores compressed files to their original form. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cp <i>file1 file2</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Copy file(s). <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cp <i>files directory</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Copy file(s) into a directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cp -r <i>dir1 dir2</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Copy a directory and, recursively, its subdirectories. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>mkdir <i>directory</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Create, or "make" a directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>mv <i>file1 file2</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Move a file or, if <i>file1</i> and <i>file2</i> are in the same directory, rename a file. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>mv <i>files directory</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Move files into a directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>mv <i>dir1 dir2</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">If directory <i>dir2</i> exists, move <i>dir1</i> into <i>dir2</i>; otherwise, rename <i>dir1</i> as <i>dir2.</i> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>rm <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Remove (erase) file(s). <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>rm -r <i>names</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Remove files, directories, and recursively, any subdirectories. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>rmdir <i>directory</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Remove directory (directory must be empty). <o:p></o:p></div><h2><a href="" name="data"></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">Data Manipulation</span><o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cat <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Concatenate file(s); you can use cat to display the contents of a file (this is not advisable if the file is a binary file). <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>grep "<i>pattern</i>" <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display all lines in the files that match a pattern. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>more <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display contents of files one screen at a time. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>sort <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Order the lines in a file or files alphabetically (this command does not alter the file or files -- it merely displays the sorted output to the screen): <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>sort -r <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">. . . in reverse order. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>sort -n <i>files</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">. . . numerically (puts 2 before 10 instead of after). <o:p></o:p></div><h2><a href="" name="netcom"></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">Networking/Communications</span><o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b>finger <i>user</i>@umich.edu</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Displays information about a U-M user from the U-M Online Directory. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ssh <i>hostname</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Connect to a remote host using Secure Shell. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>telnet <i>hostname</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Connect to a remote host using the telnet protocol. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>talk <i>user</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Initiate a conversation with another user (end conversation with Control-C); <b>talk</b> works only between machines of the same architecture. <o:p></o:p></div><h2><a href="" name="misc"></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">Miscellaneous</span><o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b>!!</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Repeat last shell command. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>!<i>string</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Repeat last shell command that began with <i>string</i> (for example, type "!m" to repeat the last command that began with "m"). <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cal</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display a calendar of the current month. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>cal <i>month year</i></b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display a calendar of the given month and year. Note that the year must be fully qualified, for example, "2003" and not "03." <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>clear</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Clears terminal screen. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>date</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display the current local date and time. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>who</b> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Display a list of users currently logged in. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Q. What is echo $? Command do?<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal">A. It returns the status of last command run. E.g if we run grep command then if the patter is found in the file it shows 0, pattern not found then 1 and file not found then 2.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-8282465047319837242010-05-18T01:57:00.001-07:002010-11-22T04:42:12.472-08:00Software Engineering Terms - A<div class="Section1"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">CCEPTANCE CRITERIA</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><b></b></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The criteria that the software component, product, or system must satisfy in order to be accepted by the customer.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">CCEPTANCE PROCESS</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The process used to verify that a new or modified software product is fully operational and meets the customer's requirements.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">CCEPTANCE TESTING</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Formal testing conducted by the customer to determine whether or not a software product or system satisfies the documented acceptance criteria. Successful completion of acceptance testing defines the point at which the customer will accept the product as a successful implementation.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">CTIVITY</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A major unit of work to be completed in achieving the objectives of a software project. An activity incorporates a set of tasks to be completed, consumes resources, and results in work products. An activity may contain other activities in a hierarchical manner. All project activities are described in the Project Plan.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">CTOR</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A person or system that interacts with the software application in support of a specific process or to perform a specific operation or related set of operations. See <i>Use Case</i>.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">LGORITHM</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A set of well-defined rules for the solution to a problem in a finite number of steps. Generally implemented as a logical or mathematical test or calculation. See <i>Business rules</i>.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">NOMALY</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A nice word for "bug." Anything observed in the operation of software that deviates from expectations based on design documentation or user references.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">PPLICATION</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><b></b></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">One or more software executables designed to fulfill a specific set of business functions individually or in cooperation with other applications.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><b></b></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">SSESSMENT</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A formal examination of a deliverable, generally by a quality assurance reviewer, for the presence of a specific set of attributes and structural elements. An assessment is not an in-depth examination of content, as the content of a deliverable may be outside the reviewer’s domain of expertise. See <i>Review</i>.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">SSUMPTION</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A condition that is generally accepted as truth without proof or demonstration. </span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">TTRIBUTE</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A piece of information describing part of a particular entity.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">UDIT</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">An independent examination of software or software documentation to assess compliance with predetermined criteria.</span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">UTHENTICATION</span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><b></b></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The ability of each party in a transaction to verify the identity of the other parties.</span></div></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-28631482643854647992010-05-18T01:43:00.000-07:002010-05-18T01:50:02.935-07:00Java Basics<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Java Basics</strong></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.The Java interpreter is used for the execution of the source code.<br />
True<br />
False<br />
Ans: a.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2) On successful compilation a file with the class extension is created.<br />
a) True<br />
b) False<br />
Ans: a.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3) The Java source code can be created in a Notepad editor.<br />
a) True<br />
b) False<br />
Ans: a.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4) The Java Program is enclosed in a class definition.<br />
a) True<br />
b) False<br />
Ans: a.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">5) What declarations are required for every Java application?<br />
Ans: A class and the main( ) method declarations.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6) What are the two parts in executing a Java program and their purposes?<br />
Ans: Two parts in executing a Java program are:<br />
Java Compiler and Java Interpreter.<br />
The Java Compiler is used for compilation and the Java Interpreter is used<br />
for execution of the application.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">7) What are the three OOPs principles and define them?<br />
Ans : Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism are the three OOPs <br />
Principles.<br />
Encapsulation:<br />
Is the Mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and<br />
keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.<br />
Inheritance:<br />
Is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another<br />
object.<br />
Polymorphism:<br />
Is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of<br />
actions.<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">8) What is a compilation unit?<br />
Ans : Java source code file.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">9) What output is displayed as the result of executing the following<br />
statement?<br />
System.out.println("// Looks like a comment.");<br />
// Looks like a comment <br />
The statement results in a compilation error <br />
Looks like a comment <br />
No output is displayed<br />
Ans : a.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">10) In order for a source code file, containing the public class Test, to<br />
successfully compile, which of the following must be true?<br />
It must have a package statement <br />
It must be named Test.java <br />
It must import java.lang <br />
It must declare a public class named Test<br />
Ans : b</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">11) What are identifiers and what is naming convention?<br />
Ans : Identifiers are used for class names, method names and variable names.<br />
An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of upper case & lower case<br />
letters,numbers or underscore or dollar sign and must not begin with<br />
numbers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">12) What is the return type of program's main( ) method?<br />
Ans : void</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">13) What is the argument type of program's main( ) method?<br />
Ans : string array.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">14) Which characters are as first characters of an identifier?<br />
Ans : A – Z, a – z, _ ,$</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">15) What are different comments?<br />
Ans : 1) // -- single line comment<br />
2) /* --<br />
*/ multiple line comment <br />
3) /** --<br />
*/ documentation</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">16) What is the difference between constructor method and method?<br />
Ans : Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created.<br />
Whereas method has to be call explicitly.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">17) What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?<br />
Ans : Bin contains all tools such as javac, applet viewer, awt tool etc., whereas Lib contains all packages and variables.</span>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-89768132919632212512010-05-07T03:22:00.001-07:002010-05-08T21:18:12.440-07:00VB6/ASP to .NET Migration Interview Questions<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">What is functional equivalence?</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the context of a Microsoft Visual Basic upgrade, achieving functional equivalence means that the exact functionality of a Visual Basic 6.0 application is retained in the Visual Basic .NET application after it has been upgraded, but before new features are added.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Achieving functional equivalence provides you with a working .NET version of your application, but it is usually considered an intermediate step in the process of upgrading an application.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What is application advancement?</b><br />
Application advancement is the improvement of the upgraded application beyond the specifications of the original system. <br />
Application advancement involves identifying, and then modifying or extending, the areas of your application that will benefit from the many improvements that the .NET Framework offers.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">What is a proof of concept?<br />
A proof of concept is the migration of a representative piece of code, used as evidence to demonstrate whether a project is ideal or feasible. It can help you to avoid wasting time on poor coding decisions and can allow you to validate solutions in an isolated condition.<br />
A proof of concept will help you to determine the real cost of the most common issues that appear in the upgrade wizard's upgrade report.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">What are some activities that my upgrade project plan should include?<br />
In addition to the tasks your organization typically performs during a software development project, your plan for the upgrade project should include the following activities:<br />
* Defining the project scope: <br />
* Performing an application analysis. <br />
* Assessing the current and the target architecture. <br />
* Analyzing and designing new functionality. <br />
* Selecting an upgrade strategy. <br />
* Making an inventory of source code. <br />
* Preparing the source code. <br />
* Preparing to handle upgrade issues. <br />
* Unit testing. <br />
* Validating functional equivalence and acceptance. <br />
* Implementing and testing new functionality. <br />
* Deploying the Visual Basic .NET application. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Why is defining the project scope so important?</b><br />
Defining the scope of your project is the all-important stage of project planning because you establish the project goals and the manageable tasks that will accomplish these goals, setting a comprehensive roadmap and defining realistic expectations. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What does performing an application analysis accomplish?</b><br />
An application analysis will determine the most appropriate upgrade strategy for the project. The goal of this activity is to ensure that the project adapts to your real business needs and that your expectations are realistic about the outcome of the project.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What strategies should I consider when selecting an upgrade?</b><br />
When selecting to upgrade your application, you should consider the following two upgrade strategies: a complete upgrade and a staged upgrade.<br />
With a complete upgrade, all components of your application are upgraded and deployed as a whole. This does not mean they are upgraded in parallel; it means only that no effort is made to deploy the application in a production environment until all components have been moved to .NET.<br />
The staged upgrade strategy allows you to upgrade some parts of your application before you upgrade others. This allows a more controlled, gradual upgrade where the application is upgraded a part or component at a time.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What are the advantages of a complete upgrade strategy?</b><br />
Some of the advantages of a complete upgrade strategy are:<br />
* Upgraded applications can be advanced with new functionality that uses .NET technologies and techniques. <br />
* Upgraded applications can be integrated into new .NET solutions, making them usable in more scenarios. <br />
* Fully-upgraded applications can be used on new hardware and new versions of Windows. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">And what are some of the disadvantages?<br />
Some of the disadvantages of a complete upgrade strategy are:<br />
* Some Visual Basic 6.0 features cannot be automatically or easily upgraded to Visual Basic .NET. <br />
* A completely upgraded application could have a different user interface or may have different behavior. <br />
* A Visual Basic .NET application requires a compatible version of the .NET Framework to be installed on target computers. <br />
* Developers responsible for performing the upgrade or for maintaining the resulting application may have to learn new skills to perform the upgrade. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What are the advantages of a staged upgrade strategy?</b> <br />
Some of the advantages of a staged upgrade strategy are:<br />
* More control over the progress and the cost of the upgrade project. <br />
* Minimized risk, because you return the application to a stable production-quality state after each stage. <br />
* Upgraded components can often immediately benefit from the performance and scalability features of .NET without having to wait for the entire application to be upgraded. <br />
* Upgrading of the low priority or costly portions of an application can be postponed indefinitely, resulting in a partial upgrade. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">And what are some of the disadvantages?<br />
Some of the disadvantages of a staged upgrade strategy are:<br />
* Performance improvements will not be as noticeable as in a full upgrade because of the added overhead required for COM interoperability. <br />
* Applications with a dependency on COM components are harder to deploy and maintain than applications that are fully upgraded to .NET because COM objects need to be registered and have versioning issues that .NET objects do not. <br />
* A staged upgrade requires the implementation of wrappers or interfaces to provide the interoperability mechanisms between the .NET and the legacy code. These wrappers will often be temporary and will be discarded later. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What are vertical upgrades?</b><br />
Vertical upgrades involve isolating and upgrading all n-tiers of a single module of your application without modifying other parts of the application.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What are horizontal upgrades?</b><br />
Horizontal upgrades involve upgrading an entire tier of your application without modifying the other tiers.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">What are some points I should consider when deciding if a horizontal upgrade strategy is appropriate, and if so, which tier is the most suitable to upgrade first?<br />
You should consider the following points when deciding on a horizontal upgrade:<br />
* Your application is on a large number of Web servers. A prerequisite for the deployment of a Visual Basic .NET application is that the common language runtime (CLR) must be installed on each Web server. If your application is deployed on a large number of servers in a Web farm configuration, this can be an issue. If you have relatively fewer servers in middle tiers than in other tiers, consider using a horizontal upgrade and then upgrading the middle tier first. <br />
* Your application uses a large amount of shared code. If your Visual Basic application uses a large number of DLLs or other types of shared code, constants, or custom libraries in the middle tier, choosing to upgrade this tier first can help you manage the upgrade of your entire application. However, if you do this, you will destabilize a large number of components that use the shared code and thereby affect the testing process. <br />
* Your application has a complex middle tier. Complex object hierarchies in the middle tier should be kept as a unit. Deciding where to isolate an application with a complex middle-tier object hierarchy is difficult, and upgrading only parts of a complex middle tier typically necessitates numerous interoperability calls between environments, resulting in performance degradation. </span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What are some issues I should consider when replacing the middle tier?</b><br />
To transparently replace middle-tier components with .NET components without affecting client code, you must maintain the original GUIDS and ProgIDs of your COM components. In addition, you must properly handle replacement of the class interface generated by Visual Basic components when you attempt to transparently replace a COM component.<br />
You will have to translate the <a href="http://ado.net/">ADO.NET</a> datasets that are returned from your upgraded middle-tier components to ADO recordsets that are used in your original Visual Basic code.<br />
You will need to deploy the interoperability assemblies for the middle tier components.<br />
Interoperability between Visual Basic .NET and Visual Basic 6.0 can become prevalent in this type of upgrade, depending on how you choose to define the application tiers. If the distance between the tiers is widened by making one side of the communication a .NET assembly, you may be increasing the amount of marshaling that is occurring in your application, which can negatively affect performance.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Why is estimating the cost requirements for a software development project a complex task?</b><br />
Estimating the cost requirements for a software development project is typically a complex task because of the wide range of quality in software implementation and the varying programming abilities of developers.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What is the Visual Basic 6.0 Code Advisor?</b><br />
The Visual Basic 6.0 Code Advisor is an add-in for Visual Studio 6.0. It can be used to scan your Visual Basic 6.0 source code for practices that do not comply with configurable coding standards.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What is the ASP to <a href="http://asp.net/">ASP.NET</a> Migration Assistant?</b><br />
The ASP to <a href="http://asp.net/">ASP.NET</a> Migration Assistant is an add-in to Visual Studio .NET, created by ArtinSoft for Microsoft, that helps you upgrade your ASP pages and applications to <a href="http://asp.net/">ASP.NET</a>.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What is an Assembly?</b><br />
An assembly is the smallest deployable unit of a .NET application; it is a collection of classes, configuration files, resource files, and any other files that your application needs at run time. <br />
An assembly can be an executable (EXE) or a dynamically linked library (DLL).<br />
By default, assemblies are installed into the same directory as the owning application. This type of assembly is called a private assembly. Because it is installed in the application directory, there is no chance of it interfering with other applications installed on the same computer.<br />
You can also create shared assemblies that are installed into a system wide repository for assemblies called the global assembly cache. These assemblies can be used by multiple independent applications. The advantage of these assemblies is that they use less disk space and less memory.<br />
You can easily install multiple versions of the same assembly in the global assembly cache, and it will maintain these assemblies separately.</span></div>MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-73585441624049578942010-05-06T01:35:00.001-07:002010-05-06T08:40:33.826-07:00Frequently Used Unix Commands<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><u>Unix Command Summary<o:p></o:p></u></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><u><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>For more documentation on a command, consult a good book, or use the man pages. For example, for more information on grep, use the command man grep. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>cat - for creating and displaying short files <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This is one of the most flexible Unix commands. We can use to create, view and concatenate files. For our first example we create a three-item English-Spanish dictionary in a file called "dict." <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cat >dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> green verde<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> blue azul<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><control-D> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><control-D> stands for "hold the control key down, then tap 'd'". The symbol > tells the computer that what is typed is to be put into the file dict. To view a file we use cat in a different way: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cat dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> green verde<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> blue azul<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>If we wish to add text to an existing file we do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cat >>dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> white blanco<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> black negro<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> <control-D> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Now suppose that we have another file tmp that looks like this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cat tmp<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> cat gato<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> dog perro<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Then we can join dict and tmp like this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cat dict tmp >dict2<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>We could check the number of lines in the new file like this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % wc -l dict2<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>8<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The command wc counts things --- the number of characters, words, and line in a file. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>chmod --- change permissions <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. For example to make a file essay.001 readable by everyone, we do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % chmod a+r essay.001<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>To make a file, e.g., a shell script mycommand executable, we do this <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % chmod +x mycommand<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Now we can run mycommand as a command. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>To check the permissions of a file, use ls -l . For more information on chmod, use man chmod. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>cd --- change directory <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use cd to change directory. Use pwd to see what directory you are in. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd english<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % pwd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % /u/ma/siya/english<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ls<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>novel poems<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd novel<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % pwd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % /u/ma/siya/english/novel<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ls<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>ch1 ch2 ch3 journal scrapbook<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd ..<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % pwd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % /u/ma/siya/english<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd poems<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % /u/ma/siya<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>cp --- for copying files <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use cp to copy files or directories. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cp foo foo.2<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This makes a copy of the file foo. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cp ~/poems/jabber .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This copies the file jabber in the directory poems to the current directory. The symbol "." stands for the current directory. The symbol "~" stands for the home directory. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>date --- display date <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to check the date and time. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % date<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Mon May 3 10:25:33 IST 2010<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>echo --- echo argument <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The echo command echoes its arguments. Here are some examples: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % echo this<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> this<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % echo $EDITOR<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> /usr/local/bin/emacs<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % echo $PRINTER<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> b129lab1<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Things like PRINTER are so-called environment variables. This one stores the name of the default printer --- the one that print jobs will go to unless you take some action to change things. The dollar sign before an environment variable is needed to get the value in the variable. Try the following to verify this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % echo PRINTER<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> PRINTER<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>ftp --- connect to a remote machine to download or upload files <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use ftp to connect to a remote machine, then upload or download files. See also: ncftp <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Example 1: We'll connect to the machine fubar.net, then change director to mystuff, then download the file homework11: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ftp solitude<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Connected to fubar.net.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 220 fubar.net FTP server (Version wu-2.4(11) Mon Apr 18 17:26:33 MDT 1994) ready.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Name (solitude:carlson): jeremy<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 331 Password required for jeremy.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Password: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 230 User jeremy logged in.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> cd mystuff<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 250 CWD command successful.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> get homework11<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> quit<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Example 2: We'll connect to the machine fubar.net, then change director to mystuff, then upload the file collected-letters: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ftp solitude<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Connected to fubar.net.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 220 fubar.net FTP server (Version wu-2.4(11) Mon Apr 18 17:26:33 MDT 1994) ready.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Name (solitude:carlson): jeremy<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 331 Password required for jeremy.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Password: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 230 User jeremy logged in.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> cd mystuff<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 250 CWD command successful.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> put collected-letters<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> quit<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The ftp program sends files in ascii (text) format unless you specify binary mode: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> binary<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> put foo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> ascii<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> ftp> get bar<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The file foo was transferred in binary mode, the file bar was transferred in ascii mode. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>grep --- search file <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to search for information in a file or files. For example, suppose that we have a file dict whose contents are <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> green verde<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> blue azul<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> white blanco<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> black negro<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Then we can look up items in our file like this; <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % grep red dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % grep blanco dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> white blanco<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % grep brown dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Notice that no output was returned by grep brown. This is because "brown" is not in our dictionary file. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Grep can also be combined with other commands. For example, if one had a file of phone numbers named "ph", one entry per line, then the following command would give an alphabetical list of all persons whose name contains the string "Fred". <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % grep Fred ph | sort<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Alpha, Fred: 333-6565<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Beta, Freddie: 656-0099<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Frederickson, Molly: 444-0981<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Gamma, Fred-George: 111-7676<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Zeta, Frederick: 431-0987<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The symbol "|" is called "pipe." It pipes the output of the grep command into the input of the sort command. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>For more information on grep, consult <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % man grep<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>head --- display first part of file <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to look at the head of a file. For example, <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % head essay.001<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>displays the first 10 lines of the file essay.001 To see a specific number of lines, do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % head -20 essay.001<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This displays the first 20 lines of the file. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>ls --- see what files you have <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use ls to see what files you have. Your files are kept in something called a directory. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ls<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> foo letter2<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> foobar letter3<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> letter1 maple-assignment1<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Note that you have six files. There are some useful variants of the ls command: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ls l*<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> letter1 letter2 letter3<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Note what happened: all the files whose name begins with "l" are listed. The asterisk (*) is the " wildcard" character. It matches any string.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>lpr --- standard print command (see also print ) <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This is the standard Unix command for printing a file. It stands for the ancient "line printer." See <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % man lpr<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>for information on how it works. See print for information on our local intelligent print command. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>more --- use to read files <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>More is a command used to read text files. For example, we could do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % more poems<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The effect of this to let you read the file "poems ". It probably will not fit in one screen, so you need to know how to "turn pages". Here are the basic commands: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>q --- quit more <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>spacebar --- read next page <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>return key --- read next line <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>b --- go back one page <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>For still more information, use the command man more. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>mkdir --- create directory <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to create a directory. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % mkdir essays<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>To get "into" this directory, do <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd essays<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>To see what files are in essays, do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ls<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>There shouldn't be any files there yet, since you just made it. To create files, see cat or emacs. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>mv --- for moving and renaming files <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to change the name of file and directories. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % mv foo foobar<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The file that was named foo is now named foobar <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>ncftp --- especially good for downloading files via anonymous ftp. <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use ncftp for anonymous ftp --- that means you don't have to have a password. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ncftp ftp.fubar.net<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> Connected to ftp.fubar.net<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> > get jokes.txt<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The file jokes.txt is downloaded from the machine ftp.fubar.net. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>print --- custom print command (see also lpr ) <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This is a moderately intelligent print command. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print foo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print notes.ps<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print manuscript.dvi<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>In each case print does the right thing, regardless of whether the file is a text file (like foo ), a postcript file (like notes.ps, or a dvi file (like manuscript.dvi. In these examples the file is printed on the default printer. To see what this is, do <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>and read the message displayed. To print on a specific printer, do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print foo jwb321<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print notes.ps jwb321<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % print manuscript.dvi jwb321<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>To change the default printer, do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % setenv PRINTER jwb321<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>pwd --- find out what directory you are in <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to find out what directory you are working in. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % pwd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>/u/ma/jeremy<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd homework<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % pwd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>/u/ma/jeremy/homework<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % ls<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>assign-1 assign-2 assign-3<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % cd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % pwd<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>/u/ma/jeremy<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>rm --- remove a file <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use rm to remove files from your directory. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % rm foo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> remove foo? y<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % rm letter*<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> remove letter1? y<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> remove letter2? y<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> remove letter3? n<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> %<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The first command removed a single file. The second command was intended to remove all files beginning with the string "letter." However, our user (Jeremy?) decided not to remove letter3. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>rmdir --- remove directory <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to remove a directory. For example, to remove a directory called "essays", do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % rmdir essays<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>A directory must be empty before it can be removed. To empty a directory, use rm. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>rsh --- remote shell <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command if you want to work on a computer different from the one you are currently working on. One reason to do this is that the remote machine might be faster. For example, the command <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % rsh solitude<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>connects you to the machine solitude. This is one of our public workstations and is fairly fast. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>See also: telnet <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>setenv --- set an environment variable <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % echo $PRINTER<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> labprinter<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % setenv PRINTER myprinter<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % echo $PRINTER<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> myprinter<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>sort --- sort file <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this commmand to sort a file. For example, suppose we have a file dict with contents <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>green verde<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>blue azul<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>white blanco<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>black negro<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Then we can do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % sort dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> black negro<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> blue azul<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> green verde<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> white blanco<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Here the output of sort went to the screen. To store the output in file we do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % sort dict >dict.sorted <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>You can check the contents of the file dict.sorted using cat , more , or emacs . <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>tail --- display last part of file <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to look at the tail of a file. For example, <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % head essay.001<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>displays the last 10 lines of the file essay.001 To see a specific number of lines, do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % head -20 essay.001<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This displays the last 20 lines of the file. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>tar --- create an archive, add or extract files <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use create compressed archives of directories and files, and also to extract directories and files from an archive. Example: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % tar -tvzf foo.tar.gz<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>displays the file names in the compressed archive foo.tar.gz while <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % tar -xvzf foo.tar.gz<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>extracts the files. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>telnet --- log in to another machine <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to log in to another machine from the machine you are currently working on. For example, to log in to the machine "solitude", do this: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % telnet solitude<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>See also: rsh. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>top --- display the most resource consuming processes in the below format<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>CPU TTY PID USERNAME PRI NI SIZE RES STATE TIME %WCPU %CPU COMMAND<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b> 0 ? 19984 root 240 20 2268K 576K run 0:33 28.76 28.71 gzip<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b>wc --- count characters, words, lines <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Use this command to count the number of characters, words, and lines in a file. Suppose, for example, that we have a file dict with contents <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>red rojo<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>green verde<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>blue azul<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>white blanco<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>black negro<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>Then we can do this <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % wc dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 5 10 56 dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>This shows that dict has 5 lines, 10 words, and 56 characters. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>The word count command has several options, as illustrated below: <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % wc -l dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 5 dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % wc -w dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 10 dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> % wc -c dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> 56 dict<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-15105938033372824332010-05-04T04:16:00.001-07:002010-05-04T10:50:01.608-07:00Database Interview Questions - 4<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can dual table be deleted, dropped or altered or updated or inserted?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: If content of dual is updated to some value computation takes place or not?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: If any other table same as dual is created would it act similar to dual?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: For which relational operators in where clause, index is not used?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: <> , like '% ...' is NOT functions, field +constant, field || ''</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Assume that there are multiple databases running on one machine. How can you switch from one to another?</b><br> A: Changing the ORACLE_SID</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are the advantages of Oracle?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Portability : Oracle is ported to more platforms than any of its competitors, running on more than 100 hardware platforms and 20 networking protocols.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Market Presence : Oracle is by far the largest RDBMS vendor and spends more on R & D than most of its competitors earn in total revenue. This market clout means that you are unlikely to be left in the lurch by Oracle and there are always lots of third party interfaces available.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Backup and Recovery : Oracle provides industrial strength support for on-line backup and recovery and good software fault tolerence to disk failure. You can also do point-in-time recovery.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Performance : Speed of a 'tuned' Oracle Database and application is quite good, even with large databases. Oracle can manage > 100GB databases.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Multiple database support : Oracle has a superior ability to manage multiple databases within the same transaction using a two-phase commit protocol.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is a forward declaration? What is its use?</b><br> A: PL/SQL requires that you declare an identifier before using it. Therefore, you must declare a subprogram before calling it. This declaration at the start of a subprogram is called forward declaration. A forward declaration consists of a subprogram specification terminated by a semicolon.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are actual and formal parameters?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Actual Parameters : Subprograms pass information using parameters. The variables or expressions referenced in the parameter list of a subprogram call are actual parameters. For example, the following procedure call lists two actual parameters named emp_num and amount:</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>Eg. raise_salary(emp_num, amount);<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Formal Parameters : The variables declared in a subprogram specification and referenced in the subprogram body are formal parameters. For example, the following procedure declares two formal parameters named emp_id and increase:</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>Eg. PROCEDURE raise_salary (emp_id INTEGER, increase REAL) IS current_salary REAL;</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are the types of Notation?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Position, Named, Mixed and Restrictions.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What all important parameters of the init.ora are supposed to be increased if you want to increase the SGA size?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: In our case, db_block_buffers was changed from 60 to 1000 (std values are 60, 550 & 3500) shared_pool_size was changed from 3.5MB to 9MB (std values are 3.5, 5 & 9MB) open_cursors was changed from 200 to 300 (std values are 200 & 300) db_block_size was changed from 2048 (2K) to 4096 (4K) {at the time of database creation}.</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>The initial SGA was around 4MB when the server RAM was 32MB and The new SGA was around 13MB when the server RAM was increased to 128MB.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: If I have an execute privilege on a procedure in another users schema, can I execute his procedure even though I do not have privileges on the tables within the procedure?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are various types of joins?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Equijoins, Non-equijoins, self join, outer join</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is a package cursor?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: A package cursor is a cursor which you declare in the package specification without an SQL statement. The SQL statement for the cursor is attached dynamically at runtime from calling procedures.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: If you insert a row in a table, then create another table and then say Rollback. In this case will the row be inserted?</b><br> A: Yes. Because Create table is a DDL which commits automatically as soon as it is executed. The DDL commits the transaction even if the create statement fails internally (eg table already exists error) and not syntactically.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are the various types of queries?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Normal Queries<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Sub Queries<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Co-related queries<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Nested queries<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext>Compound queries</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is a transaction?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: A transaction is a set of SQL statements between any two COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is implicit cursor and how is it used by Oracle?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: An implicit cursor is a cursor which is internally created by Oracle. It is created by Oracle for each individual SQL.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Which of the following is not a schema object : Indexes, tables, public synonyms, triggers and packages ?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Public synonyms</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the difference between a view and a snapshot?</b></span><b><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is PL/SQL?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: PL/SQL is Oracle's Procedural Language extension to SQL. The language includes object oriented programming techniques such as encapsulation, function overloading, information hiding (all but inheritance), and so, brings state-of-the-art programming to the Oracle database server and a variety of Oracle tools.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Is there a PL/SQL Engine in SQL*Plus?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: No. Unlike Oracle Forms, SQL*Plus does not have a PL/SQL engine. Thus, all your PL/SQL are send directly to the database engine for execution. This makes it much more efficient as SQL statements are not stripped off and send to the database individually.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Is there a limit on the size of a PL/SQL block?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Currently, the maximum parsed/compiled size of a PL/SQL block is 64K and the maximum code size is 100K. You can run the following select statement to query the size of an existing package or procedure.</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>SQL> select * from dba_object_size where name = 'procedure_name'</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can one read/write files from PL/SQL?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Included in Oracle 7.3 is a UTL_FILE package that can read and write files. The directory you intend writing to has to be in your INIT.ORA file (see UTL_FILE_DIR=... parameter). Before Oracle 7.3 the only means of writing a file was to use DBMS_OUTPUT with the SQL*Plus SPOOL command.</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>DECLARE</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>fileHandler UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>BEGIN</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>fileHandler := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('/home/oracle/tmp', 'myoutput','W');</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>UTL_FILE.PUTF(fileHandler, 'Value of func1 is %sn', func1(1));</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fileHandler);</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>END;</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: How can I protect my PL/SQL source code?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: PL/SQL V2.2, available with Oracle7.2, implements a binary wrapper for PL/SQL programs to protect the source code. This is done via a standalone utility that transforms the PL/SQL source code into portable binary object code (somewhat larger than the original). This way you can distribute software without having to worry about exposing your proprietary algorithms and methods. SQL*Plus and SQL*DBA will still understand and know how to execute such scripts. Just be careful, there is no "decode" command available.</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>The syntax is: </span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>wrap iname=myscript.sql oname=xxxx.yyy</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can one use dynamic SQL within PL/SQL? OR Can you use a DDL in a procedure? How?</b><br> A: From PL/SQL V2.1 one can use the DBMS_SQL package to execute dynamic SQL statements. </span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>Eg: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DYNSQL</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>AS</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>cur integer;</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>rc integer;</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>BEGIN</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>cur := DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR;</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>DBMS_SQL.PARSE(cur,'CREATE TABLE X (Y DATE)', DBMS_SQL.NATIVE);</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>rc := DBMS_SQL.EXECUTE(cur);</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>DBMS_SQL.CLOSE_CURSOR(cur);</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>END;</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-77261262638874365882010-05-03T21:29:00.001-07:002010-05-04T10:50:01.609-07:00Database Interview Questions - 3<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Are views automatically updated when base tables are updated?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can a trigger written for a view?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: No</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: If all the values from a cursor have been fetched and another fetch is issued, the output will be : error, last record or first record ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Last Record</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: A table has the following data : [[5, Null, 10]]. What will the average function return ?<br> </b>A: 7.5</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Is Sysdate a system variable or a system function?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: System Function</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Consider a sequence whose currval is 1 and gets incremented by 1 by using the nextval reference we get the next number 2. Suppose at this point we issue an rollback and again issue a nextval. What will the output be ?<br> </b>A: 3</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Definition of relational DataBase by Dr. Codd (IBM)?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: A Relational Database is a database where all data visible to the user is organized strictly as tables of data values and where all database operations work on these tables.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is Multi Threaded Server (MTA) ?<br> </b>A: In a Single Threaded Architecture (or a dedicated server configuration) the database manager creates a separate process for each database user. But in MTA the database manager can assign multiple users (multiple user processes) to a single dispatcher (server process), a controlling process that queues request for work thus reducing the databases memory requirement and resources.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Which are initial RDBMS, Hierarchical & N/w database ?</b><br> A: RDBMS - R system</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>Hierarchical - IMS</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>N/W - DBTG</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is Functional Dependency</b>?<br> A: Given a relation R, attribute Y of R is functionally dependent on attribute X of R if and only if each X-value has associated with it precisely one -Y value in R <br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is Auditing ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: The database has the ability to audit all actions that take place within it. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>a) Login attempts, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>b) Object Accesss, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>c) Database Action</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Result of Greatest(1,NULL) or Least(1,NULL)</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: NULL<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: While designing in client/server what are the 2 imp. things to be considered ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Network Overhead (traffic), Speed and Load of client server</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are the disadvantages of SQL ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Disadvantages of SQL are :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Cannot drop a field<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Cannot rename a field<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Cannot manage memory<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Procedural Language option not provided<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Index on view or index on index not provided<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· View updation problem</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: When to create indexes?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: To be created when table is queried for less than 2% or 4% to 25% of the table rows.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: How can you avoid indexes?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: To make index access path unavailable<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Use FULL hint to optimizer for full table scan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Use INDEX or AND-EQUAL hint to optimizer to use one index or set to indexes instead of another.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>· Use an expression in the Where Clause of the SQL.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the result of the following SQL:</b></span><b><br> <span class=msgbodytext>Select 1 from dual</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>UNION</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>Select 'A' from dual;</span><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Error</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can database trigger written on synonym of a table and if it can be then what would be the effect if original table is accessed.</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes, database trigger would fire.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can you alter synonym of view or view ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: No</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can you create index on view </b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: No.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the difference between a view and a synonym ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Synonym is just a second name of table used for multiple link of database. View can be created with many tables, and with virtual columns and with conditions. But synonym can be on view.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the difference between alias and synonym ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Alias is temporary and used with one query. Synonym is permanent and not used as alias.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the effect of synonym and table name used in same Select statement ?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Valid</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What's the length of SQL integer?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: 32 bit length</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the difference between foreign key and reference key?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Foreign key is the key i.e. attribute which refers to another table primary key.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext>Reference key is the primary key of table referred by another table.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-15225823639104605822010-05-02T23:17:00.001-07:002010-05-04T10:50:01.610-07:00Database Interview Questions - 2<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are mutating triggers?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: A trigger giving a SELECT on the table on which the trigger is written.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are constraining triggers?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: A trigger giving an Insert / Update on a table having referential integrity constraint on the triggering table.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Describe Oracle database's physical and logical structure?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Physical : Data files, Redo Log files, Control file.</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext> Logical : Tables, Views, Tablespaces, etc.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can you increase the size of a tablespace? How?</span></b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> A: Yes, by adding datafiles to it.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can you increase the size of datafiles? How?</span></b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> A: Yes (by using the Resize clause).</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What is the use of Control files?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Contains pointers to locations of various data files, redo log files, etc.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What is the use of Data Dictionary?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Used by Oracle to store information about various physical and logical Oracle structures e.g. Tables, Tablespaces, datafiles, etc</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the advantages of clusters?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Access time reduced for joins.</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are the disadvantages of clusters?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: The time for Insert increases.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can Long/Long RAW be clustered?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: No.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can null keys be entered in cluster index, normal index?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can Check constraint be used for self referential integrity? How?</span></b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> A: Yes. In the CHECK condition for a column of a table, we can reference some other column of the same table and thus enforce self referential integrity.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the min. extents allocated to a rollback extent?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Two</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the states of a rollback segment? What is the difference between partly available and needs recovery?</span></b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> A: The various states of a rollback segment are :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>ONLINE, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>OFFLINE, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>PARTLY AVAILABLE, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>NEEDS RECOVERY and <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>INVALID.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the difference between unique key and primary key?</b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Unique key can be null; Primary key cannot be null.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: An insert statement followed by a create table statement followed by rollback ? Will the rows be inserted?</b><br> A: No.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can you define multiple savepoints? </b></span><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can you Rollback to any savepoint?</b><br> A: Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the maximum no. of columns a table can have?</b><br> A: 254.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What is the significance of the & and && operators in PL SQL?</b><br> A: The & operator means that the PL SQL block requires user input for a variable. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'> The && operator means that the value of this variable should be the same as inputted by the user previously for this same variable.</span></span><span style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: If a transaction is very large, and the rollback segment is not able to hold the rollback information, then will the transaction span across different rollback segments or will it terminate?</span></b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> A: It will terminate (Please check ).</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q:Can you pass a parameter to a cursor?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Explicit cursors can take parameters, as the example below shows. A cursor parameter can appear in a query wherever a constant can appear. </span><br> <span class=msgbodytext> CURSOR c1 (median IN NUMBER) IS</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext> SELECT job, ename FROM emp WHERE sal > median;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: What are the various types of RollBack Segments?</b><br> A: Public Available to all instances<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Private Available to specific instance<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can you use %RowCount as a parameter to a cursor?<br> </b>A: Yes</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Is the query below allowed :</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext> Select sal, ename Into x From emp Where ename = 'KING'</span><br> <span class=msgbodytext> (Where x is a record of Number(4) and Char(15))</span></span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Is the assignment given below allowed :</b></span><b><br> <span class=msgbodytext> ABC = PQR (Where ABC and PQR are records)</span><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Is this for loop allowed :</b></span><b><br> <span class=msgbodytext> For x in &Start..&End Loop</span></b><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: How many rows will the following SQL return :</b></span><b><br> <span class=msgbodytext> Select * from emp Where rownum < 10;</span></b><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: 9 rows<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: How many rows will the following SQL return:</b></span><b><br> <span class=msgbodytext> Select * from emp Where rownum = 10;</span></b><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: No rows<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Which symbol preceeds the path to the table in the remote database?</b><br> A: @</span><br> <br> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-84289434202304710332010-04-30T04:49:00.001-07:002010-04-30T07:35:27.294-07:00Database Interview Questions - 1<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the various types of Exceptions?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: User defined and Predefined Exceptions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext><b>Q: Can we define exceptions twice in same block?</b></span><b><br> </b><span class=msgbodytext>A: No.</span><br> <br> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What is the difference between a procedure and a function?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: Functions return a single variable by value whereas procedures do not return any variable by value. Rather they return multiple variables by passing variables by reference through their OUT parameter.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can you have two functions with the same name in a PL/SQL block?</span><br> </b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>Yes.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can you have two stored functions with the same name?</span><br> </b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>Yes.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can you call a stored function in the constraint of a table?</span><br> </b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>No.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the various types of parameter modes in a procedure?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: IN, OUT AND INOUT.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What is Over Loading and what are its restrictions?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: OverLoading means an object performing different functions depending upon the no. of parameters or the data type of the parameters passed to it.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can functions be overloaded?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: Yes.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can 2 functions have same name & input parameters but differ only by return datatype?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: No.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the constructs of a procedure, function or a package?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: The constructs of a procedure, function or a package are: </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>variables and constants <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>cursors <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>exceptions</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Why Create or Replace and not Drop and recreate procedures?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: So that Grants are not dropped.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can you pass parameters in packages? How?</span></b></span><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> A: Yes. You can pass parameters to procedures or functions in a package.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the parts of a database trigger?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: The parts of a trigger are: </span></span><span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>A triggering event or statement </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>A trigger restriction </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>A trigger action</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the various types of database triggers?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: There are 12 types of triggers, they are combination of:</span><br> <br> <span class=msgbodytext><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Insert, Delete and Update Triggers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Before and After Triggers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5'><![if !supportLists]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Row and Statement Triggers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>(3*2*2=12) </span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What is the advantage of a stored procedure over a database trigger?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: We have control over the firing of a stored procedure but we have no control over the firing of a trigger.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What is the maximum no. of statements that can be specified in a trigger statement?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: One.</span><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: Can views be specified in a trigger statement?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: No</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are the values of :new and :old in Insert/Delete/Update Triggers?</span></b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <span class=msgbodytext>A: INSERT : new = new value, old = NULL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>DELETE : new = NULL, old = old value<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>UPDATE : new = new value, old = old value </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=msgbodytext><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>Q: What are cascading triggers? What is the maximum no of cascading triggers at a time?</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> </span></b><span class=msgbodytext><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"'>A: When a statement in a trigger body causes another trigger to be fired, the triggers are said to be cascading. Max = 32.</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br> <br> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-72857704268642132142010-04-29T04:43:00.000-07:002010-04-29T04:44:07.819-07:00Project Management Terminology - Z<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-GB>ZERO FLOAT</span></b><span lang=EN-GB> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Zero float is a condition where there is no excess time between activities.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>An activity with zero float is considered a critical activity. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-14299790554662980332010-04-29T04:42:00.001-07:002010-04-29T04:42:57.698-07:00Project Management Terminology - Y<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-GB>YTD (YEAR-TO-DATE)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>The period between the beginning of the calendar year and the present date. It is often used to calculate a company's income up to the present date and may be compared to the same period of the previous year to evaluate a company's financial health.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8636778864014734034.post-58749489443481586792010-04-29T04:41:00.001-07:002010-04-29T04:41:45.044-07:00Project Management Terminology - X<div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-GB>XML<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>A subset of SGML that is optimized for delivery over the Web, XML provides a uniform method for describing and exchanging structured data that is independent of applications or vendors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>The key is that with XML, the information is in the document, while the rendering instructions are elsewhere. In other words, content and presentation are separate. XML is the Web's language for data interchange and HTML is the Web's language for rendering.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> MindGrillhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10928765734812639244noreply@blogger.com0